ABSTRACT
La ciguatera es la intoxicación alimentaría causada por el consumo de pescados ciguatóxicos, cuyos efectos sobre el ser humano pueden ser graves y conducir a la muerte. Se describieron las principales características epidemiológicas, clínicas y del tratamiento en los pacientes con ciguatera. La investigación incluyó 227 pacientes con ciguatera estudiados de forma prospectiva en el Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico Universitario Comandante Manuel Fajardo de Ciudad de La Habana entre los años 1999 al 2005. Para la recolección de la muestra se elaboró una encuesta que recogió los datos demográficos, identidad personal, manifestaciones clínicas, tratamiento empleado en los pacientes, y la especie que causó la intoxicación. Se encontró que existe un incremento significativo en la incidencia de pacientes con ciguatera que acuden al hospital en los últimos 3 años. Los meses de abril a septiembre son los de mayor incidencia de la enfermedad. Hubo predominio de las mujeres sobre los hombres. Los pacientes comprendidos entre las edades de 21 y 50 años son los más afectados. El promedio de edad de los enfermos es de 39,2±10 años. Las especies barracuda y gallego fueron las que más frecuentemente provocaron la intoxicación en 74 y 38 pacientes, respectivamente y 73 intoxicados desconocían la especie ingerida. Los síntomas referidos con mayor frecuencia por los pacientes fueron la fatiga muscular, los trastornos gastrointestinales y las manifestaciones sensitivas. Los hallazgos más frecuentes al examen físico fueron los sensitivos, los signos de deshidratación y la debilidad muscular. El tiempo transcurrido entre la ingestión del pescado y el inicio del cuadro clínico fue menor o igual a las 12 horas en 70,8 por ciento de los casos. Los medicamentos que con más frecuencia se emplearon en los enfermos fueron los antieméticos, vitaminas, antihistamínicos y el manitol al 20 por ciento resultando este último la única terapia que revierte los síntomas en los pacientes con ciguatera.
Ciguatera is food poisoning caused by ingestion of ciguatoxic fish whose effects on the human beings could be severe and lead to death. The main epidemilogical, clinical and therapeutical characteristics in patients with ciguatera were described. The research covered 227 patients with ciguatera, who were prospectively studied at Comandante Manuel Fajardo clinical-surgical university hospital from 1999 to 2005. For sample collection, a survey was administered to gather demographic data, personal identity, clinical manifestations, treatment and the species causing the poisoning. It was found that the incidence of patients with ciguatera going to the hospital in the last three years had significantly increased. April to September was the most incidental period of the disease. Females predominated, the 21-50 years age group was the most affected and the average age of patients was 39,2±10 years. Barracuda and gallego were the main responsible for poisoning in 74 and 38 patients respectively. Seventy three poisoned persons did not know the fish species that they had eaten. The most frequent symptoms were muscular fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders and sensitive manifestations. On physical exam, the most common findings were sensitive manifestations, dehydration signs and muscle weakening. The lenght of time from fish ingestion to the onset of poisoning clinical picture was 12 hours or less in 70,8 percent of cases. The most used drugs were antiemetics, vitamins, antihystamines and 20 percent manitol, being the latter the only therapy capable of reversing symptoms in patients with ciguater.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ciguatera Poisoning/epidemiology , Ciguatera Poisoning/pathology , Ciguatera Poisoning/therapyABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to outline the epidemiology of Ciguatera fish poisoning as seen in a general practice serving two industrial seaports in Trinidad and Tobago, in order to highlight the potential public health implications. A retrospective study was undertaken of all the cases of Ciguatera fish poisoning identified between November 1, 1992 and October 31, 1998 in a seaport general practice to identify signs, symptoms and treatment. An investigation of one outbreak was undertaken. Four outbreaks affecting 42 male ship crewmembers were identified. The suspect fish were caught in northern Caribbean waters en route to Trinidad and Tobago. The most common early symptoms were diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, pruritus and tiredness. In the third outbreak, dysaesthesia was common. Progression to muscular weakness, ataxic gait, unsteadiness and other neurotoxic signs were seen in moderate to severe disease. Hypotension was an important prognostic sign in the initial case. Treatment was symptomatic and supportive and included vitamins B12 and BCO, folic acid, prostigmine, steroids and antihistamines as indicated. In the investigation of the second outbreak, the relative risk of 'eating fish meat' was 5 (95 CI 1.45, 17.27, p < 0.0001). Abdominal symptoms, pruritus, and muscle weakness with a history of consuming a fish-meal were diagnostic indicators of 'ciguatera fish poisoning.' All cases were industrial ship crewmembers. It is suggested that increased clinician awareness with early and appropriate treatment, and focussed public health intervention may help limit the potential public health impact of ciguatera poisoning in industrial ship crewmembers and other fish-consuming communities in the future